GRAVITATION
Gravitation is a force of attraction that acts between any two objects in the universe. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation • Every object attracts every other object with a force: • F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2 • Where: • F = Force • G = 6.674×10⁻¹¹ Nm²/kg² • m1, m2 = masses • r = distance between them Free Fall Objects falling under gravity alone are in free fall. • Acceleration due to gravity: g = GM / R² • On Earth, g ≈ 9.8 m/s² Mass vs Weight Mass: Amount of matter, remains constant • Weight: Force due to gravity • W = mg Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 1. Law of Orbits: Planets move in elliptical orbits. • 2. Law of Areas: Equal areas in equal times. • 3. Law of Periods: T² ∝ R³ Satellites Artificial Satellite: Man-made object in orbit. • Orbital Velocity: v = √(GM/R) • Escape Velocity: ve = √(2GM/R) ≈ 11.2 km/s on Earth Applications of Gravitation • Satellite Communication • • Planetary Motion Prediction • • Ocean Ti...